RECALIBRATING LABOUR PROCESS THEORY FOR ALGORITHMIC HRM: A SEMI-SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF GIG WORK (2010–2025)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/ijibs.v20.186Keywords:
Gig economy; Algorithmic management; Labour Process Theory; Human resource management; Institutional co-governanceAbstract
Gig work has reconfigured managerial authority through algorithmic infrastructures, raising fundamental questions for Human Resource Management (HRM) and Labour Process Theory (LPT). This study conducts a semi-systematic review and bibliometric mapping of 250 Scopus-indexed publications (2010–2025), retrieved with a targeted query and screened to transparent ex-ante criteria. Using VOSviewer for network analysis and interpretive synthesis, the review connects quantitative structures with substantive debates. The field has expanded rapidly since 2016, remains Euro-Atlantic centred with growing Chinese contributions, and is organised around recurring clusters of control, agency, institutions, and HRM transformation. Building on these patterns, we recalibrate LPT through a triad of Algorithmic Control, Adaptive Agency, and Institutional Co-Governance. Comparative evidence highlights China’s state–platform arrangements as an alternative to adversarial litigation. The article contributes by: (1) providing an updated map of LPT-informed HRM research on platform work; (2) clarifying a framework and propositions for algorithmic HRM; and (3) offering practice and policy implications focused on transparency and hybrid governance.
References
Ajonbadi, H. A., Adekoya, O. D., Mordi, C., Cronk, H., Islam, M. A., & Taofik, I. (2025). Exploring the voice and representation mechanisms of platform workers and implications for decent work in the Nigerian gig economy. Journal of Industrial Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221856251337191;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:JIRA;WEBSITE:WEBSITE:SAGE;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Alabdali, M. A., Khan, S. A., Yaqub, M. Z., & Alshahrani, M. A. (2024). Harnessing the Power of Algorithmic Human Resource Management and Human Resource Strategic Decision-Making for Achieving Organizational Success: An Empirical Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU16114854
Aloisi, A. (2022). Platform work in Europe: Lessons learned, legal developments and challenges ahead. European Labour Law Journal, 13(1), 4–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/20319525211062557
Ang, L. (2023). The Legal Classification of Human Capital in ‘Markets, Hybrids and Hierarchies.’ Chinese Journal of Comparative Law, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxae003
Angela，Zhang. (2022). High Wire. Oxford University. https://www.angelazhang.net/high-wire
Antonio, A. (2015). (PDF) Commoditized Workers. Case Study Research on Labour Law Issues Arising from a Set of “On-Demand/Gig Economy” Platforms. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326773737_Commoditized_Workers_Case_Study_Research_
on_Labour_Law_Issues_Arising_from_a_Set_of_’On-DemandGig_Economy’_Platforms
Antonio, A. (2022). (PDF) Boss Ex Machina: Employer Powers in Workplaces Governed by Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360315897_Boss_Ex_Machina_Employer_Powers_in_Workplaces_Governed_by_Algorithms_and_Artificial_Intelligence
Antonio，Aloisi. (2015). (PDF) Commoditized Workers. Case Study Research on Labour Law Issues Arising from a Set of “On-Demand/Gig Economy” Platforms. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326773737_Commoditized_Workers_Case_
Study_Research_on_Labour_Law_Issues_Arising_from_a_Set_of_’On-DemandGig_Economy’_Platforms
Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2021). Between a rock and a hard place: Freedom, flexibility, precarity and vulnerability in the gig economy in Africa. Competition and Change, 25(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420914473
Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
Attaran, M., Attaran, S., & Kirkland, D. (2019). Technology and Organizational Change. 383–408. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8933-4.CH018
Aust, I., Matthews, B., & Muller-Camen, M. (2020). Common Good HRM: A paradigm shift in Sustainable HRM? Human Resource Management Review, 30(3), 100705. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HRMR.2019.100705
Barratt, T., Goods, C., & Veen, A. (2020). ‘I’m my own boss…’: Active intermediation and ‘entrepreneurial’ worker agency in the Australian gig-economy. Environment and Planning A, 52(8), 1643–1661. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20914346
Braverman, H. (1974). Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. In https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfrkf.
Burawoy, Michael. (1979). Manufacturing consent: changes in the labor process under monopoly capitalism. 267.
Celine, M., & Margaret, P. (2019, November 14). How California’s AB5 protects workers from misclassification | Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/how-californias-ab5-protects-workers-from-misclassification/
Chang, C., & Huang, W. (2023). The rising gig economy in China: Implications for the protection of migrant workers. In Protecting the Future of Work: New Institutional Arrangements for Safeguarding Labour Standards (pp. 97–110). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80071-248-520221013
Chen, J. Y., & Sun, P. (2023). Digital labour platforms and national employment policies in China: Studying the case of food delivery platforms. https://doi.org/10.54394/KHET8772
Chen, L. (2020). 数字控制下的劳动秩序-外卖骑手的劳动控制研究. http://Sociologyol.Ruc.Edu.Cn/Shxyj/Fzshx/Jjshx/7da504cc70
f1f9dfe49ed801f.Htm.
Cheng, M., & Foley, C. (2019). Algorithmic management: The case of Airbnb. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.009
Chiu, H. H., Palupi, G. S., & Zhu, Y. Q. (2022). Workers’ Affective Commitment in The Gig Economy: The Role of IS Quality, Organizational Support, and Fairness. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(3), 52–76. https://doi.org/10.17705/1PAIS.14303
Collier, R. B., Dubal, V. B., & Carter, C. (2017). Labor Platforms and Gig Work: The Failure to Regulate. http://irle.berkeley.edu/working-papers
Council of the EU. (2024). Platform workers: Council adopts new rules to improve their working conditions - Consilium. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/10/14/platform-workers-council-adopts-new-rules-to-improve-their-working-conditions/
Cropanzano, R., Keplinger, K., Lambert, B. K., Caza, B., & Ashford, S. J. (2022). The Organizational Psychology of Gig Work: An Integrative Conceptual Review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(3), 492–519. https://doi.org/10.1037/APL0001029
Dasgupta, P., McDonnell, A., Carbery, R., & Jooss, S. (2024). A Systematic Review on Worker Voice in the Platform Economy: The Constitution of a Grassroots Voice Mechanism. In Human Resource Management Journal. John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12587
Dassori, B., & Donini, A. (2024). Labour Policies for a Fairer Gig Economy. 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49147-4_16
de Souza Arruda, M. (2025). Chatbots in Paradigm Shifting for Improving Gig Workers’ Labor Conditions. In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems: Vol. 1054 LNNS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5035-1_1
De Stefano, V. (2015). The Rise of the “Just-in-Time Workforce”: On-Demand Work, Crowd Work and Labour Protection in the “Gig-Economy.” SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2682602
De Stefano, V., Berg, J., Aleksynska, M., Humblet, M., Prassl, J., & Aloisi, A. (2016). The Rise of The “Just-In-Time Workforce”: On-Demand Work, Crowd Work and Labour Protection in The “Gig-Economy.” http://ssrn.com/abstract=2682602Theusual
disclaimerapplies.Electronic copy available at:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2682602
Didier, N. (2022). Assessing job training effectiveness in Chile: A longitudinal approach. Latin American Policy, 13(2), 354–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12269
Doellgast, V., Bidwell, M., & Colvin, A. J. S. (2021). New Directions in Employment Relations Theory: Understanding Fragmentation, Identity, and Legitimacy. ILR Review, 74(3), 555–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793921993445
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
Dr. Gita Rani Sahu. (2025). The Rise of Gig Economy: How HR is Adapting to A New Workforce Model. International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM), 3(03), 665–671. https://doi.org/10.47392/IRJAEM.2025.0108
Dr. Sami Ur Rahman, Muhammad Shahid Sultan, Aliza Tabassam. (2024). The Impact of the Gig Economy on Traditional Employment and The Necessity For Revised Business, Hr, And Legal Strategies. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.52337/PJIA.V7I1.1013
Dubal, V. (2019). An Uber Ambivalence: Employee Status, Worker Perspectives, and Regulation in the Gig Economy. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3488009
Duggan, J., Carbery, R., McDonnell, A., & Sherman, U. (2023). Algorithmic HRM control in the gig economy: The app-worker perspective. Human Resource Management, 62(6), 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22168
Duggan, J., & Jooss, S. (2023). Gig Work, Algorithmic Technologies, and the Uncertain Future of Work. Palgrave Studies in Digital Business and Enabling Technologies, Part F1215, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31494-0_4
Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020a). Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. In Human Resource Management Journal (Vol. 30, Issue 1, pp. 114–132). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258
Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020b). Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(1), 114–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258
Dupuis, M. (2025). Algorithmic management and control at work in a manufacturing sector: Workplace regime, union power and shopfloor conflict over digitalisation. New Technology, Work and Employment, 40(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/NTWE.12298
Easa, N. F., & Orra, H. El. (2021). HRM practices and innovation: an empirical systematic review. International Journal of Disruptive Innovation in Government, 1(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDIG-11-2019-0005
Edwards, P., & Ramirez, P. (2016). When should workers embrace or resist new technology? New Technology, Work and Employment, 31(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/NTWE.12067
Edwards, R. (1979). Contested Terrain. In https://www.amazon.com/Contested-Terrain-Richards-Edwards/dp/0465014135.
Elmassah, S., & Hassanein, E. A. (2022). Digitalization and subjective wellbeing in Europe. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 24(1), 52–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-05-2021-0060
Eurofound. (2018). Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work | European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/2018/employment-and-working-conditions-selected-types-platform-work
Felix, B., Dourado, D., & Nossa, V. (2023). Algorithmic management, preferences for autonomy/security and gig-workers’ wellbeing: A matter of fit? Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088183
Friedman, A. L. (1977). Industry and Labour. Industry and Labour. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15845-4
G, Dr. S. (2024). Gig Economy’s Impact On Workforce Dynamics And Economic Resilience. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 1627–1634. https://doi.org/10.53555/KUEY.V30I6.5561
Gagan Deep. (2023). Digital transformation’s impact on organizational culture. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 10(2), 396–401. https://doi.org/10.30574/IJSRA.2023.10.2.0977
Gandini, A. (2019). Labour process theory and the gig economy. Human Relations, 72(6), 1039–1056. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718790002
García-Lillo, F., Claver-Cortés, E., Marco-Lajara, B., Úbeda-García, M., & Seva-Larrosa, P. (2018). On clusters and industrial districts: A literature review using bibliometrics methods, 2000–2015. Papers in Regional Science, 97(4), 835–861. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12291
Guest, D. E. (2025). Strengthening links between HRM theories, HR practices and outcomes: A proposal to advance research on HRM and outcomes. Human Resource Management Journal, 35(1), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12569
Haridarshan, S. (2024). Gig Workers: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Rise, Challenges, and Future of the Gig Economy. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.36948/IJFMR.2024.V06I05.29525
Heiland, H. (2021). Controlling space, controlling labour? Contested space in food delivery gig work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 36(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12183
Heugens, P. P. M. A. R., & Lander, M. W. (2009). Structure! agency! (and other quarrels): A meta-analysis of institutional theories of organization. Academy of Management Journal, 52(1), 61–85. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.36461835
Horneber, D., & Laumer, S. (2023). Algorithmic Accountability. Business and Information Systems Engineering, 65(6), 723–730. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12599-023-00817-8
Huang, H. (2023a). Algorithmic management in food-delivery platform economy in China. New Technology, Work and Employment, 38(2), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12228
Huang, H. (2023b). “The Food Delivered is More Valuable Than My Life”: Understanding the Platform Precarity of Online Food-Delivery Work in China. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 53(5), 852–868. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2022.2155866
Huws, U. (2003). Monthly Review | The Making of a Cybertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World. https://Monthlyreview.Org/Product/Making_of_a_cybertariat/.
Hyman, R. (2018). What future for industrial relations in Europe? https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-02-2018-0056
International Labour Organization. (2019). Digital Labour Platforms and Labour Protection in China. https://webapps.ilo.org/static/english/intserv/working-papers/wp011/index.html
Jabagi, N., Croteau, A.-M., Audebrand, L. K., & Marsan, J. (2019). Gig-workers’ motivation: thinking beyond carrots and sticks. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(4), 192–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2018-0255
Johnston, H., & Land-Kazlauskas, C. (2019). Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 94 Organizing on-demand: Representation,voice, and collective bargaining in the gig economy. www.ilo.org/publns.
Kadolkar, I., Kepes, S., & Subramony, M. (2024). Algorithmic management in the gig economy: A systematic review and research integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2831
Kallio, H., Pietilä, A. M., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. In Journal of Advanced Nursing (Vol. 72, Issue 12, pp. 2954–2965). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031
Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at work: The new contested terrain of control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366–410. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0174
Krishnamoorthy, A., & Srimathi, H. (2019). Skill development-the future of India. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 8(7), 663–667.
Kuhn, K. M., Meijerink, J., & Keegan, A. (2021). Human resource management and the gig economy: Challenges and opportunities at the intersection between organizational hr decision-makers and digital labor platforms. In Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (Vol. 39, pp. 1–46). Emerald Group Holdings Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0742-730120210000039001
Kullmann, M. (2022). ‘Platformisation’ of work: An EU perspective on Introducing a legal presumption. European Labour Law Journal, 13(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/20319525211063112
Lang, J. J., Yang, L. F., Cheng, C., Cheng, X. Y., & Chen, F. Y. (2023a). Are algorithmically controlled gig workers deeply burned out? An empirical study on employee work engagement. BMC Psychology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01402-0
Lang, J. J., Yang, L. F., Cheng, C., Cheng, X. Y., & Chen, F. Y. (2023b). Are algorithmically controlled gig workers deeply burned out? An empirical study on employee work engagement. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 354. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40359-023-01402-0
Lata, L. N. (2025). Algorithmic control and resistance in the gig economy: A case of Uber drivers in Dhaka. Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261251335371;WEBSITE:WEBSITE:SAGE;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Lee, M. K., Kusbit, D., Metsky, E., & Dabbish, L. (2015). Working with machines: The impact of algorithmic and data-driven management on human workers. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 2015-April, 1603–1612. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702548
Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Flexibility in the gig economy: managing time on three online piecework platforms. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12102
Leihua, H., Feng, W., & Changming, W. (2023). How Does Digital Economy Drive China’s Rural Revitalization?. Frontiers of Economics in China, 18(1), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.3868/s060-017-023-0007-4
Li, M., Hu, X., Jin, K., & Han, J. (2025). Exploring factors influencing entry into the gig economy: A study of Chinese workers. Acta Psychologica, 259, 105301. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTPSY.2025.105301
Li, S. (2023). The Gig Economy and Labour Market Dynamics. Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences, 61(1), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/61/20231285
Li, Z., & Qi, H. (2014). Labor Process and the Social Structure of Accumulation in China1. Review of Radical Political Economics, 46, 481–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613414537986
Liang, B., Wang, Y., Huo, W., Song, M., & Shi, Y. (2025). Algorithmic control as a double-edged sword: Its relationship with service performance and work well-being. Journal of Business Research, 189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115199
Lilja, M., Baaz, M., Schulz, M., & Vinthagen, S. (2017). How resistance encourages resistance: theorizing the nexus between power, ‘Organised Resistance’ and ‘Everyday Resistance.’ Journal of Political Power, 10(1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2017.1286084
Mareike, M., & Lior, Z. (2017). Hands on the wheel: Navigating algorithmic management and Uber drivers’ autonomy. International Conference On Information Systems. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319965259_Hands_on_the_wheel_Navigating_algorithmic_management_and_Uber_drivers’_autonomy
Marrone, M., & Pirina, G. (2024). A Variegated Platform Capitalism? Algorithms, Labour Process and Institutions in Deliveroo in Bologna and Uber in Lisbon. 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49147-4_12
Mateescu, A., & Nguyen, A. (2019). Algorithmic Management in the Workplace. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 1603–1612. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702548
McDonnell, A., Carbery, R., Burgess, J., & Sherman, U. (2021). Technologically mediated human resource management in the gig economy. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(19), 3995–4015. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1986109
Md.Rahad, A. (2025). Exploring the Evolution of Human Resource Management in the Gig Economy: A Systematic Analysis. Business and Social Sciences. https://publishing.emanresearch.org/CurrentIssuePDF/EmanPublisher_14_5987business-3110243.pdf
Meijerink, J., & Arets, M. (2021). Online labor platforms versus temp agencies: what are the differences? Strategic HR Review, 20(4), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1108/shr-12-2020-0098
Meijerink, J., & Bondarouk, T. (2023). The duality of algorithmic management: Toward a research agenda on HRM algorithms, autonomy and value creation. Human Resource Management Review, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100876
Meijerink, J., Boons, M., Keegan, A., & Marler, J. (2021). Algorithmic human resource management: Synthesizing developments and cross-disciplinary insights on digital HRM. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(12), 2545–2562. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.1925326
Meijerink, J., Rogiers, P., & Keegan, A. (2022). Line managers and the gig economy: An oxymoron? Paradox navigation in online labor platform contexts. In Research Handbook on Line Managers.
Mendonça, P., & Kougiannou, N. K. (2023). Disconnecting labour: The impact of intraplatform algorithmic changes on the labour process and workers’ capacity to organise collectively. New Technology, Work and Employment, 38(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12251
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security of the People’s Republic of China. (2023). Notice of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security on Strengthening the Standardized Development of the Gig Labor Market, State Council Department Document, Chinese Government Website. https://www.Gov.Cn/Zhengce/Zhengceku/202401/Content_6924921.Htm.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., Antes, G., Atkins, D., Barbour, V., Barrowman, N., Berlin, J. A., Clark, J., Clarke, M., Cook, D., D’Amico, R., Deeks, J. J., Devereaux, P. J., Dickersin, K., Egger, M., Ernst, E., Gøtzsche, P. C., … Tugwell, P. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLOS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1000097
Möhlmann, M., Alves de Lima Salge, C., & Marabelli, M. (2022). Algorithm Sensemaking: How Platform Workers Make Sense of Algorithmic Management. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 24(1), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00774
Molina, O., Butollo, F., Makó, C., Godino, A., Holtgrewe, U., Illsoe, A., Junte, S., Larsen, T. P., Illésy, M., Pap, J., & Wotschack, P. (2023). It takes two to code: a comparative analysis of collective bargaining and artificial intelligence. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 29(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589231156515
Moore, P. V., & Joyce, S. (2020). Black box or hidden abode? The expansion and exposure of platform work managerialism. Review of International Political Economy, 27, 926–948. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1627569
Munoz, I., Dunn, M., Sawyer, S., & Michaels, E. (2022). Platform-mediated Markets, Online Freelance Workers and Deconstructed Identities. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555092
Ndun, I., Helan, Y. G. T., & Pekuwali, U. L. (2020). THE ABSOLUTE COMPTENCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS COURT IN RESOLVING EMPLOYMENT TERMINATION DISPUTES. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 5(1), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i1.33159
Nkechi Emmanuella Eneh, Seun Solomon Bakare, Adekunle Oyeyemi Adeniyi, & Chidiogo Uzoamaka Akpuokwe. (2024). MODERN LABOR LAW: A REVIEW OF CURRENT TRENDS IN EMPLOYEE RIGHTS AND ORGANIZATIONAL DUTIES. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 6(3), 540–553. https://doi.org/10.51594/IJMER.V6I3.843
Nur, M., Asmorojati, A. W., Megawati, Zuliyah, S., & Isdiyanto, I. Y. (2023). A Comparative Assessment of Digital Platform Worker Protection in the EU and ASEAN. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 31(2), 367–390. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v31i2.29823
Omidi, A., Dal Zotto, C., & Gandini, A. (2023). Labor process theory and critical HRM: A systematic review and agenda for future research. European Management Journal, 41, 899–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2023.05.003
O’Neill, C., Kelly, L., Goldenfein, J., Phan, T., & Sadowski, J. (2025). When algorithmic management was new Engineered standards and the managerial prerogative in Australia. Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, 19(2), 244–260. https://doi.org/10.13169/WORKORGALABOGLOB.19.2.0008
Page-Tickell, R., & Yerby, E. (2020). Understanding Conflict and Shifting Boundaries in the Gig Economy Through the Dynamic Structural Model. Conflict and Shifting Boundaries in the Gig Economy: An Interdisciplinary Analysis, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83867-603-220201002
Palumbo, R., Casprini, E., & Fakhar Manesh, M. (2023). Unleashing open innovation in the public sector: a bibliometric and interpretive literature review. In Management Decision (Vol. 61, Issue 13, pp. 103–171). Emerald Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2022-1745
Parent-Rocheleau, X., & Parker, S. K. (2022). Algorithms as work designers: How algorithmic management influences the design of jobs. Human Resource Management Review, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100838
Paul, J., & Criado, A. R. (2020). The art of writing literature review: What do we know and what do we need to know? International Business Review, 29(4), 101717. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IBUSREV.2020.101717
Paunksnis, Š. (2023). India digitalized: surveillance, platformization, and digital labour in India. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 24(2), 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2023.2182942
Peter, B., & John, P. (2003). Strategy and Human Resource Management. Industrial and Labor Relations Review . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37149236_Strategy_and_Human_Resource_Management
Pilatti, G. R., Pinheiro, F. L., & Montini, A. A. (2024a). Systematic Literature Review on Gig Economy: Power Dynamics, Worker Autonomy, and the Role of Social Networks. Administrative Sciences, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ADMSCI14100267
Pilatti, G. R., Pinheiro, F. L., & Montini, A. A. (2024b). Systematic Literature Review on Gig Economy: Power Dynamics, Worker Autonomy, and the Role of Social Networks. Administrative Sciences 2024, Vol. 14, Page 267, 14(10), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ADMSCI14100267
Prassl, J. (2018). Humans as a service: The promise and perils of work in the gig economy. Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy, 1–199. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.001.0001
Qi, H., & Li, Z. (2020). Putting Precarity Back to Production: A Case Study of Didi Kuaiche Drivers in the City of Nanjing, China. Review of Radical Political Economics, 52, 506–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613419859030
Razniza Mohd Nadzri, N., Mutalib Mohamed Azim, A., Awang, N., Fatma Tuan Sulaiman, T., & Shahril Nizam Md Radzi, M. (2024). Exploring the Employment Rights of Gig Workers through Theoretical Lenses. Issue, 14. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i12/24058
Rick, D. (2007). HRM and contemporary manufacturing. Oxford University Press. https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=r8BZ1l4AAAAJ&cstart=20&pagesize=80&citation_for_view=r8BZ1l4AAAAJ:-f6ydRqryjwC
Rosenblat, A. (2016). Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers. In International Journal of Communication (Vol. 10). http://ijoc.org.
Rosenblat, A., Levy, K. E. C., Barocas, S., & Hwang, T. (2017). Discriminating Tastes: Uber’s Customer Ratings as Vehicles for WorkplaceDiscrimination. Policy and Internet, 9(3), 256–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/POI3.153;CSUBTYPE:STRING:SPECIAL;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE/CHAPTER
Rowlinson, M., & Hassard, J. (1994). Economics, Politics, and Labour Process Theory. Capital & Class, 18(2), 65–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/030981689405300104;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Salmah, E., Astuti, E., & Harsono, I. (2024). Employee Engagement in the Gig Economy. Management Studies and Business Journal (PRODUCTIVITY), 1(1), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.62207/1E5DD842
Scavarda, A., Daú, G., Scavarda, L. F., Chhetri, P., & Jaska, P. (2023). A conceptual framework for the corporate sustainability higher education in Latin America. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 24(2), 481–501. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-07-2021-0272
Semujanga, B., & Parent-Rocheleau, X. (2024). Time-Based Stress and Procedural Justice: Can Transparency Mitigate the Effects of Algorithmic Compensation in Gig Work? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH21010086
Shanghai BenCham. (2024, August 27). China’s Gig Economy: Key Data and Insights | BenCham Shanghai. https://shanghai.bencham.org/news/chinas-gig-economy-key-data-and-insights
Sharma, S., Mittal, A., & Arora, M. (2025). Exploring the emerging research themes on algorithmic management: a bibliometric analysis approach. Kybernetes. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-09-2024-2564/1259707/EXPLORING-THE-EMERGING-RESEARCH-THEMES-ON
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Stewart, A., & Stanford, J. (2017). Regulating work in the gig economy: What are the options? Economic and Labour Relations Review, 28(3), 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1035304617722461;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Sun, G. (2023). Quantitative Analysis of Online Labor Platforms’ Algorithmic Management Influence on Psychological Health of Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054519
Sun, H., Luo, Y., Liang, Z., Liu, J., & Bhuiyan, M. A. (2024). Digital economy development and export upgrading: Theoretical analysis based on Chinese experience. Thunderbird International Business Review, 66(4), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.22383
Tan, Z. M., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2021). The ethical debate about the gig economy: A review and critical analysis. Technology in Society, 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHSOC.2021.101594
Tassinari, A., & Maccarrone, V. (2020). Riders on the Storm: Workplace Solidarity among Gig Economy Couriers in Italy and the UK. Work, Employment and Society, 34(1), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019862954
Thompson, P. (1989). The Nature of Work. The Nature of Work. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20028-3
Thompson, P. (2015). Organizational Control. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition, 341–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.73130-8
Thompson, P., & Smith, C. (2009). Labour power and labour process: Contesting the marginality of the sociology of work. Sociology, 43, 913–930. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038509340728
Tirapani, A. N., & Willmott, H. (2020). Theorising radical conflict. Employment relations in the GIG economy. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2020.232
Townsend, K., Bos-Nehles, A., & Jiang, K. (2022). Research Handbook on Line Managers. In Research Handbook on Line Managers. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839102745
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review.
Tu, W., & Wang, X. (n.d.). New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China. Https://Www.Ilo.Org/Publications/New-Forms-Employment-and-Labour-Protection-China.
Tweedie, D., Wild, D., Rhodes, C., & Martinov-Bennie, N. (2019). How Does Performance Management Affect Workers? Beyond Human Resource Management and Its Critique. International Journal of Management Reviews, 21(1), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/IJMR.12177
Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020). SO46CH16_Vallas ARjats.cls. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919
van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
Veen, A., Barratt, T., & Goods, C. (2020). Platform-Capital’s ‘App-etite’ for Control: A Labour Process Analysis of Food-Delivery Work in Australia. Work, Employment and Society, 34(3), 388–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017019836911
Vincenzo，Maccarrone, Elena，Baglioni, Davide，Però, Valeria，Piro, Francesco，Bagnardi, & Paul，Thompson. (2024). New Directions in Labour Process Theory.
Wang, Y., Peng, Q., Jin, C., Ren, J., Fu, Y., & Yue, X. (2023). Whether the digital economy will successfully encourage the integration of urban and rural development: A case study in China. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 21(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjpre.2023.03.002
Wolf, A. B., Coelho-Lima, F., Keppler, I. L. dos S., Ferreira, M. de S., Dall’Asta, C., Florez, M. E. R., & Figueroa, M. (2025). ‘Be Your Own Boss?’ Explaining Variation in Worker Response to the Gig Economy’s Ideology in the Global North and South. British Journal of Industrial Relations. https://doi.org/10.1111/BJIR.12887;SUBPAGE:STRING:ABSTRACT;WEBSITE:WEBSITE:PERICLES;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:14678543;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
Woodcock, J. (2020). The algorithmic panopticon at Deliveroo: Measurement, precarity, and the illusion of control. https://Ephemerajournal.Org/Contribution/Algorithmic-Panopticon-Deliveroo-Measurement-Precarity-and-Illusion-Control-0.
Wu, Q., Zhang, H., Li, Z., & Liu, K. (2019a). Labor control in the gig economy: Evidence from Uber in China. Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 574–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185619854472
Wu, Q., Zhang, H., Li, Z., & Liu, K. (2019b). Labor control in the gig economy: Evidence from Uber in China. Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(4), 574–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185619854472
Xiang, H. (2024). Research on Hot Topics and Trends of Gig Economy in China—Visual Analysis Based on Cite Space Software. Advances in Social Sciences, 13(04), 564–573. https://doi.org/10.12677/ass.2024.134336
Yang, L., & Panyagometh, A. (2024). Factors influencing gig workers’ satisfaction and commitment in the knowledge service providing platforms based on the self-determination theory: The case study in China. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 45(1), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2024.45.1.29
Yin, C. (2025). Report suggests stringent labor laws to protect gig workers. CHINADAILY. https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/614337
Yin, S. (2023). Situating platform gig economy in the formal subsumption of reproductive labor: Transnational migrant domestic workers and the continuum of exploitation and precarity. Capital and Class. https://doi.org/10.1177/03098168221145407
Zhang, H., Ding, X., & Liu, Y. (2023). The Impact of Low-Carbon Pilot Cities on the Development of Digital Economy: Empirical Evidence from 284 Cities in China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310392
Zhang, L., Yang, J., Zhang, Y., & Xu, G. (2023). Gig worker’s perceived algorithmic management, stress appraisal, and destructive deviant behavior. PLoS ONE, 18 (11 November). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294074
Zhao, C., Wang, J., Dong, K., & Dong, X. (2023). A blessing or a curse? Can digital economy development narrow carbon inequality in China? Carbon Neutrality, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43979-023-00056-6
Zhao, H., Yuan, B., Xie, H., & Liao, Y. (2025a). Understanding work platformization and algorithmic control from labor process theory. Service Industries Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2025.2503262
Zhao, H., Yuan, B., Xie, H., & Liao, Y. (2025b). Understanding work platformization and algorithmic control from labor process theory. Service Industries Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2025.2503262;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Zupic, I., & Čater, T. (2015). Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization. Organizational Research Methods, 18(3), 429–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114562629
